01. After each weekly rotation, an application keeps writing to /var/log/app/app.log.1 instead of the new app.log, because it holds its log file open. The application cannot be signaled or restarted to make it reopen the file.
Which logrotate directive solves this?
a) copytruncate
b) create
c) delaycompress
d) nocreate
e) postrotate
02. Which of the following IPv4 addresses are publicly routable, that is, outside every RFC 1918 private range?
(Choose two.)
a) 172.31.255.254
b) 172.32.0.1
c) 10.255.255.254
d) 172.15.255.254
e) 192.168.255.254
f) 172.16.0.1
03. The following commands are entered in an interactive Bash shell:
$ MSG=hello
$ bash -c 'echo "[$MSG]"'
[]
Which actions make the child shell print [hello]?
(Choose two.)
a) Run set MSG=hello, then repeat the bash -c command
b) Run export -n MSG, then repeat the bash -c command
c) Run readonly MSG, then repeat the bash -c command
d) Run the child as MSG=hello bash -c 'echo "[$MSG]"'
e) Run declare MSG=hello, then repeat the bash -c command
f) Run export MSG, then repeat the bash -c command
04. On a Debian system, an administrator copied a working backup script into /etc/cron.daily/. The other daily jobs run every day, but the backup never does. The following output was collected:
# ls -l /etc/cron.daily/
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1478 Apr 3 2024 apt-compat
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 384 Oct 11 18:02 backup.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1187 Apr 3 2024 dpkg
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 377 Jan 24 2024 logrotate
# run-parts --test /etc/cron.daily
/etc/cron.daily/apt-compat
/etc/cron.daily/dpkg
/etc/cron.daily/logrotate
What is the cause?
a) Scripts in /etc/cron.daily/ must also be named in /etc/crontab, and only the listed ones are started
b) Files in /etc/cron.daily/ need a user field on their first line, like the files in /etc/cron.d/
c) Debian's run-parts accepts only names made of letters, digits, underscores and hyphens, so backup.sh is skipped
d) run-parts starts only scripts that begin with #!/bin/sh, and the backup script uses another interpreter
e) The script's modification time is newer than the last daily run, so run-parts waits a full day before starting it
05. An administrator tries to remove an unused project group and receives an error:
# groupdel developers
groupdel: cannot remove the primary group of user 'alice'
The account alice is still in use and must not be deleted, even temporarily. The group staff already exists.
Which action, followed by running groupdel developers again, allows the group to be deleted?
a) Run usermod -G "" alice to clear her group memberships
b) Run groupmod -g 2500 developers to give the group a new GID
c) Run usermod -aG staff alice to add her to another group
d) Run userdel alice and recreate her account with useradd -g staff
e) Run usermod -g staff alice to give her another primary group
06. Release notes in notes.txt are pasted into the body of an email. Recipients without GnuPG must still be able to read the text, and recipients with GnuPG must be able to verify it from the same message, with no attachment.
Which command produces suitable output?
a) gpg --sign notes.txt
b) gpg --armor --sign notes.txt
c) gpg --clearsign notes.txt
d) gpg --armor --detach-sign notes.txt
e) gpg --armor --encrypt notes.txt
07. Host A uses the address 192.168.10.100/26. A second host must join the same subnet so that the two hosts communicate without a router.
Which address can be assigned to the second host?
a) 192.168.10.127
b) 192.168.10.63
c) 192.168.10.128
d) 192.168.10.65
e) 192.168.10.130
08. While reading mail interactively with mail, a user marks three messages with d by mistake. The user wants to leave mail so that the mailbox stays exactly as it was when the session began.
Which command should be typed at the mail prompt?
a) q
b) x
c) h
d) u
09. Users report that jobs sent to the queue lab are accepted without any error but never print. The administrator runs:
$ lpstat -p lab -a lab
printer lab disabled since Mon 12 Oct 2026 09:14:02 AM UTC -
Paused
lab accepting requests since Mon 12 Oct 2026 09:14:02 AM UTC
Which single command makes the queued jobs print without discarding any of them?
a) cupsenable lab
b) lprm -P lab -
c) cupsaccept lab
d) cupsdisable -c lab
10. A laptop runs backup.timer, which contains OnCalendar=*-*-* 03:00:00. The laptop is usually switched off at 03:00, so the backup rarely runs.
Which directive, added to the [Timer] section, makes the backup run soon after the next boot whenever a scheduled run was missed while the system was off?
a) WakeSystem=true
b) AccuracySec=1d
c) RandomizedDelaySec=1h
d) Persistent=true
e) OnBootSec=10min