01. A lender's model predicts which small-business loans will default. It was trained when interest rates were low. After rates rose, the mix of applicants by industry, loan size and revenue looks the same as in the training data, but businesses with the same profiles now default more often.
Which situation does this describe?
a) Overfitting, because the model memorized noise and quirks in the original training data
b) Data leakage, because training data included information about the outcome
c) Concept drift, because the link between the inputs and default has changed
d) Data drift, because the distribution of input features has shifted
02. Each night, a team's job recomputes features from all 3 TB of accumulated website clickstream logs on a single server, although only one new day of logs arrives each night. It now takes 14 hours and will soon exceed its overnight window, and log volume keeps growing.
Which two approaches will help this job scale?
(Choose two.)
a) Process only each new day of logs and update stored running totals
b) Convert the job to a real-time API so each log record is processed on request
c) Load all 3 TB into a single Pandas DataFrame so the work runs in memory
d) Run the job on a distributed processing framework, such as Apache Spark, across a cluster
03. Based on several years of production records, a quality engineer at an electronics plant believes the defect rate for a circuit board is about 2%. A new batch of 50 boards contains 3 defective boards, a rate of 6%. The engineer analyzes the batch with a Bayesian approach, using the historical rate as the prior.
What should the engineer expect the posterior estimate of the defect rate to be?
a) Exactly 6%, because only the newly observed batch counts as evidence for the posterior
b) A value between 2% and 6%, nearer to 2% if the prior outweighs the 50 new boards
c) Above 6%, because a batch rate that exceeds the prior shows the process is getting worse
d) Exactly 2%, because a well-established prior is not revised by a single small batch
04. A mobile banking app tests a redesigned home screen. During the first three days, taps on a promoted savings feature rise sharply in the treatment group, then the lift shrinks steadily each day.
Which two actions are appropriate for the team running this test?
(Choose two.)
a) Report the first three days' lift, since early users show the true effect most clearly
b) Restart the test each day so that users keep seeing the redesign as new
c) Track guardrail metrics, such as app errors and support contacts, beside the primary metric
d) Run the test long enough for the novelty effect to fade before judging the result
05. The departments table has 4 rows, and dept_id is its primary key. The employees table has 10 rows: 8 employees have a dept_id that matches a department, and 2 have a dept_id of NULL. One department has no employees.
SELECT e.name, d.dept_name FROM employees e INNER JOIN departments d ON e.dept_id = d.dept_id;
How many rows does this query return?
a) 8 rows
b) 11 rows
c) 10 rows
d) 40 rows
06. A regional blood bank's analysis shows that donations drop about 30% during the two weeks around school holidays while hospital demand stays flat. It also shows that donors reminded by text message are about twice as likely to book an appointment as donors reminded by email.
Which two actions put these results to use?
(Choose two.)
a) Send extra text-message reminders and hold donation drives in the weeks before school holidays
b) Reduce deliveries to hospitals during school holidays to match the lower donation volume
c) Build up blood stocks in the preceding weeks so supply covers the expected holiday shortfall
d) Switch all donor reminders to email so that messages reach a larger audience
07. A clinic network builds a model from 50,000 visit records to predict whether a visit will lead to a hospital admission. Many patients have 10 or more visits. The analyst splits the visits at random into training and test sets, and the test score is far higher than the score later measured on newly registered patients.
What is the MOST likely cause, and how should the split be done?
a) The model is underfitting; add more features and keep the random split by visit
b) Visits from the same patient fall in both sets; split by patient so each one is in a single set
c) New patients are sicker than past patients; reweight the training visits by age and keep the split
d) The test set is too small; enlarge it to 40% of the visits so the estimate is more stable
08. After a reorganization moves several staff into a newly created department role, they receive an "access denied" message when opening a customer-service dashboard they used last week. The dashboard has not changed.
Which two actions are appropriate for the analyst supporting the dashboard?
(Choose two.)
a) Share the analyst's own login with the affected staff until access is restored
b) Record the cause and the fix in the support log so similar requests are resolved faster
c) Rebuild the dashboard from scratch, since an access error signals a corrupted file
d) Check whether the new role was granted access to the dashboard and its data source
09. Delivery times for an online grocer have a mean of 40 minutes and a standard deviation of 6 minutes. An analyst standardizes the variable using z-scores.
What is the z-score of a delivery that took 31 minutes?
a) -1.5
b) -9.0
c) 1.5
d) -0.23
10. A parcel carrier's model predicts delivery times. Actual delivery times are recorded about two weeks after each prediction is made.
Which two practices help the team keep the model accurate in production?
(Choose two.)
a) Freeze the model once it passes validation, so that its behavior stays consistent over time
b) Monitor the distributions of incoming input features, which can signal drift before outcomes arrive
c) Compare a retrained challenger model with the current champion on recent data before switching
d) Retrain only after customer complaints rise, since complaints are the most direct accuracy signal